Chapter 11

The usefulness of what is not there

三十辐共一毂

三十辐共一毂,当其无,有车之用。

Thirty spokes meet at a single hub.
It is the hole at the center that makes the cart useful.

埏埴以为器,当其无,有器之用。

Clay is shaped into a vessel.
It is the emptiness inside that makes the vessel useful.

凿户牖以为室,当其无,有室之用。

Walls are cut for doors and windows.
It is the openings that make the room livable.

故有之以为利,无之以为用。

So: what is there gives you the advantage.
What is not there gives you the use.

Reading it

Three examples, one point: the made thing is the frame, the gap is the function. This is the most concrete argument in the book and the easiest to apply to a life. A calendar with no gaps is not a full calendar; it is a broken one, because nothing can be put into it. The same holds for attention, for conversation, and for a room.

One thing to try

Find one thing in your week that is full and take a quarter of it out. Do not fill the gap.